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<title>Maria: Table of Contents</title>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="maria_10.html#Index" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="maria_1.html#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Net-Description-Language-1" href="maria_2.html#Modeling">1. The Net Description Language</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Design-Criteria-1" href="maria_2.html#Design-Criteria">1.1 Design Criteria</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Lexical-Conventions-1" href="maria_2.html#Lexical-Conventions">1.2 Lexical Conventions</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Formatting-1" href="maria_2.html#Formatting">1.2.1 Formatting</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Comments-1" href="maria_2.html#Comments">1.2.2 Comments</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Lexical-Tokens-1" href="maria_2.html#Lexical-Tokens">1.2.3 Lexical Tokens</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Reserved-Words-1" href="maria_2.html#Reserved-Words">1.2.3.1 Reserved Words</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Numeric-Constants-1" href="maria_2.html#Numeric-Constants">1.2.3.2 Numeric Constants</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Character-Constants-1" href="maria_2.html#Character-Constants">1.2.3.3 Character Constants</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Identifiers-1" href="maria_2.html#Identifiers">1.2.3.4 Identifiers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Preprocessor-Directives" href="maria_2.html#Preprocessor">1.2.4 Preprocessor Directives</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Embedding-Other-Files_003a-_0023include" href="maria_2.html#Include">1.2.4.1 Embedding Other Files: ‘<samp>#include</samp>’</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Conditional-Processing-1" href="maria_2.html#Conditions">1.2.4.2 Conditional Processing</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Setting-the-Line-Number_003a-_0023line" href="maria_2.html#Line">1.2.4.3 Setting the Line Number: ‘<samp>#line</samp>’</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Preprocessor-Comment_003a-_0023_0021" href="maria_2.html#Comment">1.2.4.4 Preprocessor Comment: ‘<samp>#!</samp>’</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Constructs-for-Defining-Nets" href="maria_2.html#Net-Constructs">1.3 Constructs for Defining Nets</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Type-Definitions_003a-typedef" href="maria_2.html#Types">1.3.1 Type Definitions: ‘<samp>typedef</samp>’</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Function-Definitions" href="maria_2.html#Functions">1.3.2 Function Definitions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Place-Definition_003a-place" href="maria_2.html#Places">1.3.3 Place Definition: ‘<samp>place</samp>’</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Transition-Definition_003a-trans" href="maria_2.html#Transitions">1.3.4 Transition Definition: ‘<samp>trans</samp>’</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-Subnets-for-Modular-State-Space-Exploration" href="maria_2.html#Subnets">1.3.5 Defining Subnets for Modular State Space Exploration</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-On_002dthe_002dFly-Verification" href="maria_2.html#Verification">1.3.6 On-the-Fly Verification</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Verifying-Safety-Properties" href="maria_2.html#Assertions">1.3.6.1 Verifying Safety Properties</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-Fairness-Constraints" href="maria_2.html#Fairness">1.3.6.2 Defining Fairness Constraints</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Specifying-State-Propositions-for-LSTS-Output" href="maria_2.html#Propositions">1.3.6.3 Specifying State Propositions for LSTS Output</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Data-Types-1" href="maria_2.html#Data-Types">1.4 Data Types</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Background" href="maria_2.html#Types-Background">1.4.1 Background</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Leaf-Types-1" href="maria_2.html#Leaf-Types">1.4.2 Leaf Types</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Integer-Types" href="maria_2.html#Integer">1.4.2.1 Integer Types</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Boolean-Type" href="maria_2.html#Boolean">1.4.2.2 Boolean Type</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Character-Type" href="maria_2.html#Character">1.4.2.3 Character Type</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Enumerated-Type" href="maria_2.html#Enumerated">1.4.2.4 Enumerated Type</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Identifier-Type" href="maria_2.html#Identifier">1.4.2.5 Identifier Type</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Composite-Types-1" href="maria_2.html#Composite-Types">1.4.3 Composite Types</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Structure-1" href="maria_2.html#Structure">1.4.3.1 Structure</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Union-1" href="maria_2.html#Union">1.4.3.2 Union</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Array-1" href="maria_2.html#Array">1.4.3.3 Array</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Buffer-_0028Queue-or-Stack_0029" href="maria_2.html#Buffer">1.4.3.4 Buffer (Queue or Stack)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Constraints-1" href="maria_2.html#Constraints">1.4.4 Constraints</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Expressions-and-Formulae" href="maria_2.html#Expressions">1.5 Expressions and Formulae</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Literals-1" href="maria_2.html#Literals">1.5.1 Literals</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Constants-1" href="maria_2.html#Constants">1.5.1.1 Constants</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variables-1" href="maria_2.html#Variables">1.5.1.2 Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Dynamic-Errors-1" href="maria_2.html#Dynamic-Errors">1.5.1.3 Dynamic Errors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Operators-1" href="maria_2.html#Operators">1.5.2 Operators</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Integer-Arithmetic-1" href="maria_2.html#Integer-Arithmetic">1.5.2.1 Integer Arithmetic</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Successor-and-Predecessor" href="maria_2.html#Successor">1.5.2.2 Successor and Predecessor</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Comparison-1" href="maria_2.html#Comparison">1.5.2.3 Comparison</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Boolean-Logic" href="maria_2.html#Logic">1.5.2.4 Boolean Logic</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Selection-1" href="maria_2.html#Selection">1.5.2.5 Selection</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Type-Casting-1" href="maria_2.html#Type-Casting">1.5.2.6 Type Casting</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Atomicity-1" href="maria_2.html#Atomicity">1.5.2.7 Atomicity</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Structures-1" href="maria_2.html#Structures">1.5.3 Structures</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Unions-1" href="maria_2.html#Unions">1.5.4 Unions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Arrays-1" href="maria_2.html#Arrays">1.5.5 Arrays</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Buffers-1" href="maria_2.html#Buffers">1.5.6 Buffers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Operations-on-Multi_002dSets" href="maria_2.html#Multi_002dSets">1.6 Operations on Multi-Sets</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Temporal-Logic" href="maria_2.html#Temporal">1.7 Temporal Logic</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Non_002dDeterminism-in-Transitions" href="maria_2.html#Output-Variables">1.8 Non-Determinism in Transitions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Scoping-of-Identifiers" href="maria_2.html#Scoping">1.9 Scoping of Identifiers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Reachability-Analysis-with-Maria" href="maria_3.html#Analysis">2. Reachability Analysis with Maria</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Invoking-Maria-1" href="maria_3.html#Invoking-Maria">2.1 Invoking Maria</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Interrupting-the-Reachability-Analysis" href="maria_3.html#Interrupting">2.1.1 Interrupting the Reachability Analysis</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Options" href="maria_3.html#Maria-Options">2.1.2 Options</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Option-Cross-Key" href="maria_3.html#Maria-Option-Cross-Key">2.1.3 Option Cross Key</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Maria-Shell" href="maria_3.html#Maria-Shell">2.2 The Maria Shell</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-The-Line-Editor" href="maria_3.html#Line-Editor">2.2.1 The Line Editor</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Name-Completion-1" href="maria_3.html#Name-Completion">2.2.1.1 Name Completion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Query-Language" href="maria_3.html#Query-Language">2.2.2 The Query Language</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Loading-a-Model" href="maria_3.html#Graph-and-Model">2.2.2.1 Loading a Model</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Displaying-a-Model" href="maria_3.html#Dump">2.2.2.2 Displaying a Model</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Unfolding-a-Model" href="maria_3.html#Unfold">2.2.2.3 Unfolding a Model</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Exporting-a-Labelled-State-Transition-System" href="maria_3.html#LSTS">2.2.2.4 Exporting a Labelled State Transition System</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Exporting-the-Reachability-Graph" href="maria_3.html#Dumpgraph">2.2.2.5 Exporting the Reachability Graph</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Exhaustive-Analysis" href="maria_3.html#Depth-and-Breadth">2.2.2.6 Exhaustive Analysis</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Evaluating-Expressions-and-Formulae" href="maria_3.html#Eval">2.2.2.7 Evaluating Expressions and Formulae</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Displaying-Markings" href="maria_3.html#Show">2.2.2.8 Displaying Markings</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Excluding-Places-from-Displayed-Markings" href="maria_3.html#Hide">2.2.2.9 Excluding Places from Displayed Markings</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Selecting-the-Active-Subnet" href="maria_3.html#Subnet">2.2.2.10 Selecting the Active Subnet</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Listing-Successor-Nodes" href="maria_3.html#Succ">2.2.2.11 Listing Successor Nodes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Listing-Predecessor-Nodes" href="maria_3.html#Pred">2.2.2.12 Listing Predecessor Nodes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Moving-in-the-Graph" href="maria_3.html#Go">2.2.2.13 Moving in the Graph</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Anonymous-Transitions" href="maria_3.html#Trans">2.2.2.14 Anonymous Transitions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-Functions" href="maria_3.html#Function">2.2.2.15 Defining Functions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Strongly-Connected-Components" href="maria_3.html#Strong">2.2.2.16 Strongly Connected Components</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Shortest-Paths" href="maria_3.html#Path">2.2.2.17 Shortest Paths</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Miscellanous-Commands" href="maria_3.html#Misc">2.2.2.18 Miscellanous Commands</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Exiting" href="maria_3.html#Exit">2.2.2.19 Exiting</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Some-Quirks-with-the-Query-Language" href="maria_3.html#Quirks">2.2.3 Some Quirks with the Query Language</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Separating-Statements-1" href="maria_3.html#Separating-Statements">2.2.3.1 Separating Statements</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Conditional-Processing-in-the-Editor" href="maria_3.html#Conditional-Processing">2.2.3.2 Conditional Processing in the Editor</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Visualizing-Graphs-and-Paths" href="maria_3.html#Visual">2.2.4 Visualizing Graphs and Paths</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-GraphViz_002c-the-Graph-Visualizer" href="maria_3.html#GraphViz">2.2.4.1 GraphViz, the Graph Visualizer</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Known-Bugs-in-the-Visualizer" href="maria_3.html#Visual-Caveats">2.2.4.2 Known Bugs in the Visualizer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Editing-Petri-Nets-with-GNU-Emacs" href="maria_3.html#Emacs">2.3 Editing Petri Nets with GNU Emacs</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Installing-the-Petri-Net-mode" href="maria_3.html#pn_002dmode">2.3.1 Installing the Petri Net mode</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Syntax-Highlighting" href="maria_3.html#Highlighting">2.3.2 Syntax Highlighting</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Customizing-Emacs" href="maria_3.html#Fine_002dTuning">2.3.3 Customizing Emacs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Algorithms-used-in-Maria" href="maria_4.html#Algorithms">3. Algorithms used in Maria</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-The-Unification-Algorithm" href="maria_4.html#Unification">3.1 The Unification Algorithm</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Concepts" href="maria_4.html#Unification-Concepts">3.1.1 Concepts</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Expanding-Quantifications" href="maria_4.html#Quantification">3.1.2 Expanding Quantifications</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Matching-Concrete-and-Formal-Tokens" href="maria_4.html#Binding">3.1.3 Matching Concrete and Formal Tokens</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Finding-Assignment-Candidates" href="maria_4.html#Lvalues">3.1.4 Finding Assignment Candidates</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Transition-Instance-Analysis" href="maria_4.html#Instance-Analysis">3.1.5 Transition Instance Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Model-Checking-Algorithms" href="maria_4.html#Model-Checking">3.2 Model Checking Algorithms</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Checking-Safety-Properties" href="maria_4.html#Safety">3.2.1 Checking Safety Properties</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Checking-Liveness-Properties" href="maria_4.html#Liveness">3.2.2 Checking Liveness Properties</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Grammar" href="maria_5.html#Grammar">A. The Grammar</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Terminal-Symbols-1" href="maria_5.html#Terminal-Symbols">A.1 Terminal Symbols</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Net-Description-Language" href="maria_5.html#Net-Grammar">A.2 The Net Description Language</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Type" href="maria_5.html#Type-Grammar">A.2.1 Type</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Constraint" href="maria_5.html#Constraint-Grammar">A.2.1.1 Constraint</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Function-1" href="maria_5.html#Function-Grammar">A.2.2 Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Place" href="maria_5.html#Place-Grammar">A.2.3 Place</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Transition" href="maria_5.html#Transition-Grammar">A.2.4 Transition</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-State-Properties" href="maria_5.html#Assertion-Grammar">A.2.5 State Properties</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Query-Language-1" href="maria_5.html#Query-Grammar">A.3 The Query Language</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Formulae-and-Expressions" href="maria_5.html#Expression-Grammar">A.4 Formulae and Expressions</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Literals-2" href="maria_5.html#Literal-Grammar">A.4.1 Literals</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Functions-1" href="maria_5.html#Function-Call-Grammar">A.4.2 Functions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Basic-Formulae" href="maria_5.html#Basic-Formulae-Grammar">A.4.3 Basic Formulae</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Typecasting-and-Union-Values" href="maria_5.html#Union-Grammar">A.4.4 Typecasting and Union Values</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Non_002dDeterminism-and-Quantification" href="maria_5.html#Iterating-Grammar">A.4.5 Non-Determinism and Quantification</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Multi_002dSet-Operations" href="maria_5.html#Multi_002dSet-Grammar">A.4.6 Multi-Set Operations</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Temporal-Logic-1" href="maria_5.html#Temporal-Grammar">A.4.7 Temporal Logic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Graph-Files" href="maria_6.html#Graph-Files">B. The Graph Files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Compiling-Maria" href="maria_7.html#Compiling">C. Compiling Maria</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-System-Requirements-1" href="maria_7.html#System-Requirements">C.1 System Requirements</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Editing-the-Makefile-files" href="maria_7.html#Configuring">C.2 Editing the ‘<tt>Makefile</tt>’ files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Installing-Maria" href="maria_7.html#Installing">C.3 Installing Maria</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Compiling-Maria-for-Debugging" href="maria_7.html#Debugging">C.4 Compiling Maria for Debugging</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Reporting-Bugs" href="maria_7.html#Bugs">C.5 Reporting Bugs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Examples-1" href="maria_8.html#Examples">D. Examples</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Dining-Philosophers-_0028dining_002epn_0029" href="maria_8.html#Dining">D.1 Dining Philosophers (‘<tt>dining.pn</tt>’)</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Distributed-Database-Management-_0028dbm_002epn_0029" href="maria_8.html#Database">D.2 Distributed Database Management (‘<tt>dbm.pn</tt>’)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-GNU-GENERAL-PUBLIC-LICENSE" href="maria_9.html#Copying">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Preamble" href="maria_9.html#Preamble">Preamble</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Programs" href="maria_9.html#How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Programs">How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="maria_10.html#Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
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